German researchers from the University of Tübingen, Helmholtz Munich and the German Center for Diabetes Research, and Harvard Medical School, and colleagues have discovered the dysregulation of hepatokines (proteins released from the liver) in people with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Their study, ‘The role of hepatokines in NAFLD’, published in Perspective in Cell Metabolism, highlights the pathomechanisms of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases specifically related to NAFLD by focusing on hepatokine-related organ crosstalk, and they propose how the determination of major hepatokines and adipokines (proteins released from fat) can be used for the identification of subtypes of people with NAFLD, to better implement precision medicine in clinical practice.
Worldwide more than 25% of adults and 3-10% of children have NAFLD. The percentage of NAFLD is much higher when obesity and/or diabetes is present in adults (60%) and in children (⁓40%). These numbers are alarming, because NAFLD, and more so non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, is the main cause of chronic liver disease and liver cancer.
Furthermore, results from large studies reveal that NAFLD associates with ⁓2.5-fold increased risk of type 2 diabetes and ⁓1.5-fold increased risk of cardiovascular events. But what are the mechanisms by which the fatty liver impacts on the genesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases? Furthermore, how can the impact of fatty liver be separated from the impact of increased abdominal obesity, which is often found in people with fatty liver, on these diseases?
The researchers from Tübingen and Boston have been studying these questions for many years. They have identified important hepatokines that are dysregulated in NAFLD and have described their role in metabolism.
"We found that the hepatokine fetuin-A is increasingly produced by the fatty liver and that it strongly predicts the incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events. We also identified mechanisms of cellular action of fetuin-A to promote insulin resistance, subclinical inflammation and impairment of insulin secretion," explained Professor Norbert Stefan from the University of Tübingen.
In their present article the researchers describe the mechanisms of action of these hepatokines and summarize knowledge about other hepatokines that are being studied in the scientific community.
Finally, the researchers made use of a currently very popular research tool - cluster analysis, a data dimensionality reduction approach -to disentangle the close relationship between fatty liver and abdominal obesity and to identify subtypes of people with fatty liver. Clustering the parameters liver fat content, visceral fat mass, the hepatokine fetuin-A and the adipokine adiponectin, they identified 3 clusters.
The clusters 1 and 3 had similar insulin resistance and elevated liver fat content but largely differed in the plasma levels of fetuin-A and adiponectin. The researchers concluded that they identified subtypes of people with fatty liver having different pathomechanisms of insulin resistance and that the research into hepatokines may be helpful to find other subtypes of fatty liver in the future.
"We identified another important hepatokine which is increasingly produced by the fatty liver – follistatin,” added Professor Morris White from Harvard Medical School. “We found mechanisms up-regulating the production of follistatin in the liver and identified the mechanisms by which follistatin increases glucose levels and insulin resistance. In large human cohorts we found that follistatin associates with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes."
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